The research

Research Roundup

Evidence Based Treatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech

Evidence Based Treatment: Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC)

• Strand, E. A. (2020). Dynamic temporal and tactile cueing: A treatment strategy for childhood apraxia of speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 29(1), 30-48.

• Grigos, M. I., Case, J., Lu, Y., & Lyu, Z. (2023). Dynamic temporal and tactile cueing: Quantifying speech motor changes and individual factors that contribute to treatment gains in childhood apraxia of speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 1-18.

• Grigos, M. I., Case, J., Lu, Y., & Lyu, Z. (2024). Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing in young children with childhood apraxia of speech: A multiple single-case design. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 67(4), 1042-1071.

DTTC Training Opportunities for SLPs

• FREE online CEU courses by Child Apraxia Treatment &  Dr. Edythe Strand

  • https://childapraxiatreatment.org/continuing-education/

• FREE online CEU course by Dr. Edythe Strand on assessment and treatment of CAS

  • https://childapraxiatreatment.org/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-cas-online-course/

Evidence Based Treatment: ReST

• McCabe, P., Murray, E., Thomas, D., & Evans, P. (2017). Clinician manual for rapid syllable transition treatment (ReST). The University of Sydney: Camperdown, Australia.

• McCabe, P., Thomas, D. C., & Murray, E. (2020). Rapid syllable transition treatment—A treatment for childhood apraxia of speech and other pediatric motor speech disorders. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 5(4), 821-830.

• Find all of the ReST publications and research HERE on their website 

ReST Training opportunities & Website for parent and SLP information 

• https://rest.sydney.edu.au/

Evidence Based Treatment: Nuffield Dyspraxia Program( NDP3®)

• Williams, P., & Stephens, H. (2010). The Nuffield Center Dyspraxia Programme. In A. L. Williams, S. McLeod, & R. J. McCauley (Eds.), Interventions for speech sound disorders in children (pp. 159–178). Baltimore, MD: Brookes.

Evidence Based Treatment: Integrated Phonological Awareness (IPA)

• Gillon, G. T., & McNeill, B. C. (2007). Integrated phonological awareness. An intervention program for preschool children with speech-language impairment. Christchurch: University of Canterbury.

• McNeill, B. C., Gillon G. T., & Dodd B. (2009a). Effectiveness of an integrated phonological awareness approach for children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Child Language and Teaching Therapy, 25, 341–366.

• McNeill, B. C., Gillon, G. T., & Dodd, B. (2009b). Phonological awareness and early reading development in childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 44, 175–192.

• McNeill, B. C., Gillon, G. T., & Dodd, B. (2010). The longer term effects of an integrated phonological awareness intervention for children with childhood apraxia of speech. Asia Pacific Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing, 13, 145–161.

• Moriarty, B., & Gillon, G. T. (2006). Phonological awareness intervention for children with childhood apraxia of speech. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 41, 713–734.

Principles of Motor Learning are crucial in CAS therapy

• Maas, E., Robin, D. A., Hula, S. N. A., Freedman, S. E., Wulf, G., Ballard, K. J., & Schmidt, R. A. (2008). Principles of motor learning in treatment of motor speech disorders.

Evidence-based treatment, not PROMPT for CAS

• Maas, E., Gildersleeve-Neumann, C. E., Jakielski, K. J., & Stoeckel, R. (2014). Motor-based intervention protocols in treatment of childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Current developmental disorders reports, 1, 197-206.

  • This article specifically highlights the lack of research for PROMPT as a treatment approach for CAS. Furthermore, ASHA does NOT endorse or highlight PROMPT as an evidence-based treatment like it does for the other approaches listed above. 

Oral motor exercises will NOT help Childhood Apraxia of Speech & motor planning

• Lof, G. L., & Watson, M. (2010). Five reasons why nonspeech oral motor exercises (NSOME) do not work. Perspectives on School-Based Issues, 11(4), 109-117.

ASSESSMENT of CAS

Early signs of CAS

• Overby, M. S., Caspari, S. S., & Schreiber, J. (2019). Volubility, consonant emergence, and syllabic structure in infants and toddlers later diagnosed with childhood apraxia of speech, speech sound disorder, and typical development: A retrospective video analysis. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62(6), 1657-1675.

• Strand, E. A., Shriberg, L. D., & Campbell, T. F. (2003). Childhood apraxia of speech: Suggested diagnostic markers for the younger child. In L. D. Shriberg & T. F. Campbell (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2002 Childhood Apraxia of Speech Symposium (pp. 75–79). Carlsbad, CA: The Hendrix Foundation.

Intelligibility rating scale 

• McLeod, S., Harrison, L. J., & McCormack, J. (2012). The Intelligibility in Context Scale: Validity and reliability of a subjective rating measure. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 55(2), 648‐656. http://jslhr.asha.org/cgi/content/abstract/55/2/648

DEMSS assessment 

• Strand, E. A., & McCauley, R. J. (2019). Dynamic evaluation of motor speech skill (DEMSS) manual. Baltimore, MD: Brookes.

Assessment

• Strand, E. (2017, March). Appraising apraxia: When a speech-sound disorder is severe, how do you know if it's childhood apraxia of speech? The ASHA Leader, 22(3), 50­–58.

CO-OCCURRING DIFFERENCES & OUTCOMES

Poorer Speech Sound Perception & CAS

• Hitchcock, E. R., Swartz, M. T., & Cabbage, K. L. (2023). Preliminary speech perception performance profiles of school-age children with childhood apraxia of speech, speech sound disorder, and typical development. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 1-15.

• Cabbage, K. L., & Hitchcock, E. R. (2022). Clinical considerations for speech perception in school-age children with speech sound disorders: A review of the current literature. Language, speech, and hearing services in schools, 53(3), 768-785.

• Spencer, C., Davison, K. E., Boucher, A. R., & Zuk, J. (2022). Speech perception variability in childhood apraxia of speech: Implications for assessment and intervention. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 53(4), 969-984.

Long Term Outcomes for CAS

• Lewis, B. A., Miller, G. J., Iyengar, S. K., Stein, C., & Benchek, P. (2023). Long-term outcomes for individuals with Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Journal of Speech-Language and Hearing Research. https://doi.org/10.1044/2023_jslhr-22-00647

Literacy, CAS, and Speech Sound Disorders

• Lewis, B. A., Miller, G. J., Iyengar, S. K., Stein, C., & Benchek, P. (2023). Long-term outcomes for individuals with Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Journal of Speech-Language and Hearing Research. https://doi.org/10.1044/2023_jslhr-22-00647

• Miller GJ, Lewis B, Benchek P, Freebairn L, Tag J, Budge K, Iyengar SK, Voss-Hoynes H, Taylor HG, Stein C. Reading Outcomes for Individuals With Histories of Suspected Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2019 Nov 19;28(4):1432-1447. doi: 10.1044/2019_AJSLP-18-0132. Epub 2019 Aug 16. PMID: 31419159; PMCID: PMC7251600.

• Mues, M., Zuk, J., Norton, E. S., Gabrieli, J. D., Hogan, T. P., & Gaab, N. (2023). Preliteracy Skills Mediate the Relation Between Early Speech Sound Production and Subsequent Reading Outcomes. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 66(8), 2766-2782.

• Farquharson, K. (2015). After dismissal: Examining the language, literacy, and cognitive skills of children with remediated speech sound disorders. Perspectives on School-Based Issues, 16(2), 50-59.

• Tambyraja, S. R., Farquharson, K., & Justice, L. (2020). Reading risk in children with speech sound disorder: Prevalence, persistence, and predictors. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 63(11), 3714-3726.

Language differences in children with CAS 

• Children with CAS can have poor morphology in word structure, recalling sentences, narrative skills, and pronoun errors.

• Murray, E., Thomas, D., & McKechnie, J. (2019). Comorbid morphological disorder apparent in some children aged 4-5 years with childhood apraxia of speech: Findings from standardized testing. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 33(1-2), 42-59.

CO-OCCURRING SENSORY AND MOTOR DIFFERENCES 

Children with CAS have more Sensory Differences (measured by sensory profile) compared to typical peers

• Newmeyer, A. J., Aylward, C., Akers, R., Ishikawa, K., Grether, S., deGrauw, T., … White, J. (2009). Results of the Sensory Profile in Children with Suspected Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics, 29(2), 203–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/01942630902805202

Children with CAS + language impairment appear to be at an increased risk for motor impairments

• Iuzzini-Seigel, J. (2019). Motor performance in children with childhood apraxia of speech and speech sound disorders. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62(9), 3220-3233.